APPENDIX

African American History

APPENDIX 1: SOURCES

DISCLAIMER ON IMAGES – We have made a good faith effort to research and cite all images used in this text.  Based on our research, it is our belief that all of the images used in this text are copyright free, with free permission to republish.  If we are made aware of any copyrighted images inadvertently used in this text, we will pull both the image and its citation here upon written receipt and claim of active copyright.

Time Period 1:  The “Pre-United States” Days, 1513-1774

Juan Garrido Speaks

Details used in this first-person narrative were culled from the following sources:

Henry Louis Gates, Jr.  “Who Was the First African American?”  The Root, 10/22/12.  Online link:  https://www.theroot.com/who-was-the-first-african-american-1790893808

Author unspecified.  “Juan Garrido, Hernán Cortés, and Mexico City.”  augustine.com.

Online link:  https://www.visitstaugustine.com/history/black_history/juan_garrido/mexico_city.php

Erica L. Taylor, The Tom Joyner Morning Show, 11/5/2013.  “Little Known Black History Fact:  Juan Garrido.”  Online link:  https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/11/05/little-known-black-history-fact-juan-garrido/

Time Period 1 Text

Research used in the creation of Time Period 1 text was from a variety of public sources, including the following:

Slavery Timeline, 1501-1600, A Chronology of Slavery, Abolition, and Empancipation in the Sixteenth Century.  Online link:  www.brycchancarey.com

Joe Carter.  “5 Facts about the transatlantic slave trade,” in ERLC, Aug 17, 2018.  Online link:  https://erlc.com/resource-library/articles/5-facts-about-the-transatlantic-slave-trade

Michael Guasco, “The Misguided Focus on 1619 as the Beginning of Slavery in the U.S. Damages Our Understanding of American History.”  smithsonian.com, September 13, 2017.  Online link:  https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/misguided-focus-1619-beginning-slavery-us-damages-our-understanding-american-history-180964873/

Douglas T. Peck.  “The Little Known Explorations of Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon That Set the Stage for European Conquest of North America.”  Research paper, no publication data.  From the history archives of historian David Messineo.

The point that the number of African slaves who entered the United States was 380,000, or 4-6% of the total Trans-Atlantic Slave trade, came from this source:

Daina Ramey Berry, Associate Professor of History and African and African Diaspora Studies, University of Texas at Austin.  “Slavery in America:  back in the headlines.”  THE CONVERSATION (Academic rigor, journalistic flair), October 21, 2014.  Online link:  https://theconversation.com/slavery-in-america-back-in-the-headlines-33004

Time Period 1 Image Sources

Opening Image – Juan Garrido.  16th century painting.  Image in the public domain.

Following the opening image, 9 additional images are used in Time Period 1.

Here are their citations:

  1. Map, Africa.
  2. Engraving, Jorge Biassou.
  3. Map, St. Augustine.
  4. Engraving, Slaves in Ship Cargo Hold.
  5. Engraving by Scipio Morehead, “Phillis Wheatley.”
  6. Painting by Joshua Johnson, “The Westwood Children.”  The National Gallery of Art.  Retrieved 2004-05-15.
  7. Book Cover, Olaudah Equiano.
  8. Engraving, Benjamin Banneker.

Chapter 2:  A New Country, 1775-1800

Crispus Attucks Speaks

Details used in this first-person narrative were culled from the following sources:

“Crispus Attucks.”  PBS Thirteen, Africans in America Resource Bank.  Online link: 

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p24.html

“The History of Crispus Attucks as a Man.”  crispusattucks.org.  Online link:

http://crispusattucks.org/about/who-was-crispus-attucks/

Time Period 2 Text

Research used in the creation of Time Period 2 text was from a variety of public sources, including the following:

The 1794 research outlining space measurements for slave on slave ships is from:

Joe Carter.  “5 Facts about the transatlantic slave trade,” in ERLC, Aug 17, 2018.  Online link:  https://erlc.com/resource-library/articles/5-facts-about-the-transatlantic-slave-trade

Time Period 2 Image Sources

Opening Image – The Repeal or the Funeral Procession of Miss Americ-Stamp.  Image in the public domain.

Following the opening image, 14 additional images are used in Time Period 2.

Here are their citations:

  1. The Runaway.  July 1837.  Corpus Cripus.  A common image used in runaway slave ads.  From The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom by Wilbur Henry Siebert, Albert Bushnell.  Published by Macmillan, 1898, p 26.
  2. The Boston Massacre.
  3. Painting, circa 1793, Lafayette at Yorktown.  Image of Marquis de Lafayette and James Armistead Lafayette.  Lafayette College Art Collection.  Image due to age believed to be in public domain.
  4. Peter Salem.
  5. Rev. Richard Allen.
  6. Lemuel Haynes.  Wikimedia Commons.
  7. James Forten.
  8. Black Regiment, Civil War.
  9. African-American Quilt.
  10. Slaves in Neck Chains and Shackles.
  11. Slaves on Plantation, South Carolina.
  12. Benjamin Banneker Almanac Cover, 1795.
  13. Photo, Cotton Gin.
  14. Thomas L. Jennings.

Time Period 3:  Antebellum and the Civil War, 1801-1865

Harriet Tubman Speaks

Details used in this first-person narrative were culled from memory, from placards read and seen in 2018 at the National Park Service Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitors Center.  Author’s note:  Details such as Harriet Tubman singing to the slaves to calm them down, and slaves coming onto the gunboats with chickens in cages, are not fictional inventions, but actual historical events cited on the Visitor Center displays.  Online link to the Center at:  https://news.maryland.gov/dnr/2017/02/28/harriet-tubman-underground-railroad-visitor-center/

Time Period 3 Text

Research used in the creation of Time Period 3 text was from a variety of public sources.

Adapted from Kenneth Marvin Hamilton, Black Towns and Profit: Promotion and Development in the Trans-Appalachian West, 1877–1915 (Urbana, Ill., 1991); and Ben Wayne Wiley, Ebonyville in the South and Southwest: Political Life in the All-Black Town, Ph.D. diss., University of Texas at Arlington (1984).

Freedom’s Journal, March 16, 1827. John B. Russwurm and Samuel Cornish, founders. Copyprint from microfilm. Microform Reading Room, General Collections, Library of Congress (2–9)

Hinks, Peter P. To Awaken My Afflicted Brethren: David Walker and the Problem of Antebellum Slave Resistance. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0271015798

Walker, David. David Walker’s Appeal. Black Classics Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0933121386

Time Period 3 Image Sources

Opening Image – 1861/1863 Emancipation Proclamation.  Image in the public domain.

Following the opening image, 15 additional images are used in Time Period 3.

Here are their citations:

  1. Engraving, The Fight at Corney’s Bridge, Bayou Teche, Louisiana, and Destruction of the Rebel Gun-boat “Cotton,” January 14, 1863.  Published in Harper’s Weekly, 1863.  U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph.  Photo #:  NH 58767.
  2. Harriet Tubman.
  3. Photo, Slaves on Plantation, Aerial View.  J.J. Smith’s Plantation, South Carolina.  1862.  Photographed by Timothy H. O’Sullivan.  Getty Collection, via Google Cultural Institute.
  4. Photo, Slaves in Field w/Wagon.
  5. Statue, “El Yanga.”
  6. Photo, Miners During the Gold Rush, circa 1900.  U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
  7. Painting, Denmark Vesey.
  8. Painting, La Amistad.
  9. Engraving, Resurrection of Husky Box Brown.
  10. Photo, Underground Railroad.
  11. 1835 Engraving, Chained Female Slave, by Patrick H. Reason.  In the public domain.
  12. 1864 Painting, “Meeting by the River” by Robert Seldon Duncanson.  Williams College Museum of Art. 
  13. Frederick Douglass.  Library of Congress.
  14. 1852 Cover, Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
  15. Engraving of Charles H. Reason.

Time Period 4: Reconstruction, 1866-1900

Abraham Lincoln Speaks

Details used in this first-person narrative were based on various sources and knowledge about Abraham Lincoln, culled over a lifetime of learning.  Sections in quotations are the actual unembellished words of Abraham Lincoln, in speeches and narrative culled from:

Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr., Philip B. Kunhardt III, and Peter W. Kunhardt.  Lincoln:  An Illustrated Biography.  New York, NY:  Alfred A Knopf, 1992.

Legends and Lies, Season 1, Episode 9: “Bass Reeves: The Real Lone Ranger”. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 18 October 2015. (https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/bass-reeves-1747/#)

“Statue of U.S. marshal to travel from Oklahoma to Arkansas Wednesday”, Associated Press in The Oklahoman, 16 May 2012 (pay site).)

Time Period 4 Text

Research used in the creation of Time Period 4 text was from a variety of public sources.

Time Period 4 Image Sources

Opening Image – Photo of Lincoln Statue, “To Bind The Nation’s Wounds.”  Image in public domain.

Following the opening image, 22 additional images are used in Time Period 4.

Here are their citations:

  1. Colored Men.  The First Americans Who Planted Our Flag.
  2. Some of our Brave Colored Boys Who Helped Free Cuba.
  3. Discovery of Nat Turner.
  4. The First Colored Senator and Representatives.
  5. Photo, African-American Cowboys.
  6. Photo, Mary Fields, circa 1895.  In the public domain.  Source:  http://www.reunionblackfamily.com/apps/blog/show/14748608-mary-fields-started-life-as-a-slave-in-freedom-after-the-civil-war
  7. Photo, Bass Reeves.
  8. Photo, Tuskeegee Institute Gateway.  Wikepedia.  Creative Commons attribution.
  9. Photo, Benjamin Davis Oliver
  10. Photo, Frederick Douglass
  11. Photo, W.E.B. DuBois.
  12. Photo, Mary McLeod Bethune.
  13. Photo by Cornelius Marion Battey.  Wikepedia.
  14. Photo, W.C. Handy
  15. Photo, Scott Joplin.  Library of Congress.
  16. Photo, Harriet Ann Jacobs.
  17. Photo, William Stanley Beaumont Braithwaite.
  18. Photo, George Washington Carver.
  19. Photo, Ernest Everett Just.
  20. Photo, Andrew J. Beard.
  21. Photo, Lewis Howard Lattimer.
  22. Book Cover, The Life of Daniel Hale Williams.  (NOTE TO YVETTE – This image may not be copyright-free.  I strongly recommend removing/replacing this.)

Time Period 5:  The Road to Greater Equality, 1901-1976

Rosa Parks Speaks

Details used in this first-person narrative were culled from the following sources:

“Rosa Parks.”  Article on The History Channel website.  Online link:  https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/rosa-parks

Time Period 5 Text

Research used in the creation of Time Period 4 text was from a variety of public sources, along with the following:

Recollections of Martha Reeves are from:

Martha Reeves and Mark Bego.  Dancing in the Street:  Confessions of a Motown Diva (1974).

Time Period 5 Image Sources

Opening Image – Photo, Martin Luther King at March on Washington, 1964.  Army Reserve Photo Gallery.

Following the opening image, 30 additional images are used in Time Period 5.

Here are their citations:

  1. Photo, Rosa Parks.  U.S. National Archives and  Records Administration.
  2. Photo, Carter Godwin Woodson.
  3. Photo, Wide Lens.  Black Wall Street.  Greenwood Community, Tulsa, Oklahoma.  Creative Commons.
  4. 4-photo square.  Greenwood, Tulsa, Oklahoma.  Black Tulsa City by Clarence Jack.
  5. Photo, Community on Fire.
  6. Photo, Negro Residence After Fire.
  7. Engraving, The Hamburg Riot, July 1876.
  8. Photo, Protest Against Race Mixing.
  9. Photo, Children, Integrated.
  10. Photo, Freedom Riders.
  11. Photo, Lunch Counter Sit-In.
  12. Photo, March Signs.
  13. Photo, Triple Nickel.  “Members of the 555th (Triple Nickel) Parachute Infantry Battalion are briefed before take-off from Fort Dix in New Jersey in 1947.”  Image is work of a U.S. Department of Agriculture employee, taken or made as part of that person’s official duties.  As a work of the U.S. Federal Government, the image is in the public domain.  Source:  20111110-OC-AMW-0004.
  14. Photo, Ida B. Wells.
  15. Photo, Josephine Baker.  Photographed by Carl VanVechten, October 20, 1949.  From the collection of the Library of Congress and in the public domain:  http://memory.loc.gov/ammen/vvhtml/vvres.html
  16. Photo, Martin Luther King at March on Washington, 1964. Army Reserve Photo Gallery. (NOTE TO YVETTE – This image is repeated.  It appears also at the start of this time period.)
  17. Photo, Malcolm X.
  18. Photo, Aaron Douglas.
  19. Photo, Langston Hughes.  Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Jack Delano.  Under the digital id cph.3a43849.
  20. Photo, James Baldwin.  Wikipedia, under James Baldwin_37_Allan_Warren(cropped).jpg
  21. Photo, John H. Robinson.
  22. Photo, Billie Holiday, by William P. Gottlieb.  Library of Congress, Music Division, digital id gottlieb.04211.
  23. Photo, The Supremes.  No known copyright.
  24. Photo, George Poage in 1903.
  25. Photo, Muhammed Ali.  Photographer unknown.  Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Fotocollectie Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (ANEFO), 1945-1989.
  26. Photo, Myrtis Dightman.
  27. Photo, Percy Lavon Julian.
  28. Photo, Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr.  Armed With Science website.
  29. Photo, Henrietta Lacks.
  30. Photo, Dr. Vivien T. Thomas.  de.wikipedia.org.

Time Period 6:  The Age of Reckoning, 1977-2019

A TV Executive Speaks

Details used in this first-person narrative were culled from memory of the author from first-person viewing of the ABC TV miniseries “Roots,” and the social discussion that followed, in January 1977.  Quotations on the ratings of “Roots” were culled from the Wikipedia page on “Roots.”  Kunta Kinte is a character from the novel by Alex Haley, Roots:  The Saga of an American Family.  New York, NY:  Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1976.

Time Period 6 Text

Research used in the creation of Time Period 6 text was from a variety of public sources.

Time Period 6 Image Sources

Opening Image – Photo, Barack Obama.  This file is a work of an employee of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, taken or made as part of that person’s official duties.  As a work of the U.S. Federal Government, it is in the public domain.

Following the opening image, 27 additional images are used in Time Period 6.

Here are their citations:

  1. Photo, Nancy Reagan, “Just Say No.”  White House Photographic Office (1981-1989).  U.S. National Archives and Record Administration.
  2. Photo, African-American First Responders, September 11, 2001.
  3. Photo, Oprah Winfrey, by Greg Hernandez from California, USA.
  4. Photo, John Lewis.
  5. Photo, Huey Newton.  U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation.  Record Group 65:  Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1896-2008, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid-66559222.
  6. Photo, Angela Davis, by Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-L0911-029 / Koard, Peter / CC-BY-SA 3.0 de.  Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55271874.
  7. Photo, African-American Child with Caucasian Police Officer.
  8. Photo, Police Officers.
  9. Photo, Stokey Carmichael.
  10. Photo, Jesse Jackson.
  11. Photo, Barack and Michelle Obama.  This file is a work of an employee of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, taken or made as part of that person’s official duties.  As a work of the U.S. Federal Government, it is in the public domain.  Source:  White House (021913PS-0395).
  12. Photo, The Obama Family.
  13. Photo, Jean-Michel Basquiat.
  14. Painting, Kara Walker.  Creative Commons in another language.
  15. Photo, Image of the Kunta Kinte Alex Haley Memorial in Annapolis, MD, by Preservation Maryland, January 16, 2013.  Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 2.0 Generic License.
  16. Photo, Robert C. Maynard.  The copyright holder of this work has released it into the public domain.
  17. Photo, Yolande Cornelia/Nikki Giovanni.  CC By 2.5, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/ index.php? curid=7667498
  18. Photo, Bill Russell.
  19. Photo, Michael Jordan.
  20. Photo, Wilma Rudolph.  National Archief.  Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Photo, Colin Kaepernick.  “San Francisco 49ers vs. Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field on September 9, 2012.”  Photo by Mike Morbeck.  Uploaded to Commons by Moe Epsilon on December 15, 2013.
  22. Photo, “LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers in a game against the Washington Wizards at Verizon Center on November 21, 2014 in Washington, DC.”  Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Photo, Venus and Serena Williams.
  24. Photo, James Edward Maceo West.  Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 4.0 International License.
  25. Photo, Lonnie Johnson.  Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic License.  Source:  160202-N-PO203-057.
  26. Photo, Guion Bluford.  Wikimedia Commons.  Source:  http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/bluford-

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  1. Photo, “Neil de Grasse Tyson signing a copy of his book Origins.”  Taken at JREF’s TAM6, The Amazing Meeting.  Copyright holder has released this work into the public domain.

APPENDIX 2:  THE 35 BEST IN MOVIES AND TELEVISION,

 FOR INTERESTING PORTRAYALS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN HISTORY

While there are many fictional movies featuring African-American characters, some change the actual history to suit the whims of the writer, director, producer, etc.  The following movies are excellent on several levels:  plot, characterization, cinematography, and especially their efforts to hone closely to the actual history, honoring the real stories of those who made a positive difference in the lives of many.  This is not a complete list, but 30 of the best in movies and television, for accurate portrayals of African-American history, provided in alphabetical order (with some exception to historical accuracy noted in the text accompanying the listing):

A Raisin in the Sun (2008) – Based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning play by Lorraine Hansberry.

Ali (2001) – Biopic on Muhammed Ali, featuring Will Smith.

All the Way (2016) – HBO TV movie about the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Amistad (1997) – True story of 1839 slave ship Amistad and its court case.  Directed by Steven Spielberg.

Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974) – TV movie/fictionalized biography, with a wonderful star turn by Cicely Tyson in the leading role.

Birth of a Nation (2016) – Controversial story of the Nat Turner slave rebellion.  Some debate as to historical accuracy, but great tackling of racism and white supremacy.

BlackKKlansman (2018) – Based on a true story.  Directed by Spike Lee.

The Color Purple (1985) – Gut-wrenching film based on the 1983 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Alice Walker.

Dreamgirls (2006) – Fictional movie, loosely based on the story of The Supremes.

Fences (2016) – Fictional, based on August Wilson’s 10-play Pittsburgh Cycle of African American history.

42 (2013) – Biopic on Jackie Robinson

Glory (1989) – Civil War movie about one of the first all-African-American regiments in the Union Army.

Green Book (2018) – Fictionalized story of an African-American classical pianist, touring through the South with a white driver.  Period details are accurate, but substantial debate about the one-sided portrayal, primarily from the white driver’s perspective.

Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (1967) – Fictional interracial comedy.

Harriet Tubman (2019).  Lots of respected historians involved.  High expectations.

The Help (2011) – Fictional story of an African American maid’s work for a white family in the 1960s.

Hidden Figures (2016) – Biopic on African-American women contributing to NASA in the 1950s and 1960s

John Adams (2008) – TV Miniseries about John Adams, considered by some historians to be the most accurate depiction of events of the American Revolution ever filmed.

Lady Sings the Blues (1972) – Biopic about singer Billie Holliday, featuring Diana Ross.

Lee Daniels’ The Butler (2013) – Biopic based on true story of White House Butler Cecil Gaines.

Love and Diane (2002) – Documentary about the Hazzard family of Brooklyn, NY, and the best documentary on an African-American family that you’ve likely never seen.

Loving (2016) – True story of the interracial couple who won a 1967 U.S. Supreme Court case.

Malcolm X (1992) – Fictionalized account of Malcolm X by director Spike Lee, featuring critically acclaimed performance by Denzel Washington.

Marshall (2017) – Biopic about U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall.

Nine From Little Rock (1964) – Documentary about the Little Rock 9 and integration.

Precious (2009) – Fictional story of an African-American woman struggling with poverty and abuse.

Ray (2004) – Biopic on Ray Charles, featuring Jamie Foxx.

Remember the Titans (2000) – Biopic set in 1971, based on a true story.

Rosa Parks Story (2002) – TV movie about Rosa Parks, “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement.”

Roots (TV Miniseries, 1977) – Nominated for 37 Primetime Emmy Awards, winner of 9 of them.  “Must see TV.”

Rosewood (1997) – Based on true story of the 1923 Rosewood massacre in Florida.

Selma (2014) – Based on true story of the 1965 Selma to Montgomery voting rights march.

Sounder (1972) – Fictional movie, set in the 1930s, about a black sharecropper family trying to survive in the Great Depression.

To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) – Fictional movie, based on Harper Lee’s Pulitzer Prize-winning play.

12 Years A Slave (2013) – Adaptation of the 1853 slave narrative by Solomon Northrup, Twelve Years a Slave.